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Developer(s) | Apple Inc. |
---|---|
Initial release | November 30, 2005; 13 years ago |
Final release | 3.6 / October 16, 2014; 4 years ago |
Written in | Objective-C |
Operating system | macOS |
Type | Image organizer |
License | Proprietary |
Website | apple.com/aperture (Defunct) |
Aperture is a discontinued image organizer, once developed by Apple Inc. for the macOS operating system, first released in 2005,[1] which was available from the Mac App Store.[2] The software handles a number of tasks common in post-production work such as importing and organizing image files, applying corrective adjustments, displaying slideshows, and printing photographs.
Features of Aperture include non-destructive editing; organization of photographs by keyword, faces (using face recognition), and places (using GPSmetadata embedded in image files); brushes for applying effects (such as dodge and burn, skin smoothing, and polarization); and exporting to Flickr, Facebook, SmugMug, and iCloud.[3][4][5][6]
On June 2, 2014, Apple announced Photos as a replacement for Aperture and iPhoto. Aperture 3.6, a final update adding compatibility with OS X Yosemite, was released on October 16, 2014. Aperture was discontinued and removed from sale on April 8, 2015.[7]
Features[edit]
- Complete raw image format support from import to export (for supported cameras).
- Supports tethered shooting from Nikon and CanonDSLRs.[8]
- Master image files (raw or otherwise) may be kept in place on import or migrated into the Aperture library.
- Raw Fine Tuning, allowing versions of raw decode to be managed over time and conversion parameters adjusted.
- Many image adjustment tools including specific color retouching, a luminance based edge sharpener, and spot repair.
- Lens correction tools, such as chromatic aberration.
- Project management, with extensive metadata and searching support.
- Autostacking, a way to group photos based on the time between shutter clicks.
- Stacks (for grouping photos) and Versions (for making multiple working copies of the same image).
- Multiple display spanning.
- Loupe, allowing viewing of images at zooms from 50% to 1600%.
- Light Table, a type of freeform workspace.
- Native support of the Adobe Photoshop PSD, PNG, JPEG and TIFF formats.
- Nondestructive image editing.
- Customizable printing and publishing.
- Supports importing from USB and FireWire memory card readers or directly from a camera connected via USB.
- Ability to simultaneously zoom and pan multiple images.
- Read and write support for IPTC image metadata.
- Heavily customizable book creation.
- Web gallery and blog creation, uploadable via FTP or Webdav.
- Full-featured full-screen mode, for editing and sorting images.
Aperture 2.0[edit]
Aperture 2.0 was released on February 12, 2008, with a reduced US price of $199.[9] This can be compared with the $499 price tag of version 1.0.
- Streamlined interface.
- Enhanced performance due to database optimizations and interface improvements.
- Enhanced image processing with updated raw support.
- Improved integration with macOS, MobileMe (now iCloud) and various software packages including iLife and iWork.
- Support for editing plug-ins, including Apple's own dodging and burning tool (Aperture 2.1).[10]
Aperture 3.0[edit]
Aperture 3.0 was released on February 9, 2010.[11] and was the first version of Aperture to require an Intel-based Macintosh computer (previous versions could run on PowerPC based systems). With the launch of the Mac App Store on January 6, 2011, Apple started offering Aperture 3.0 through the store at a reduced US price of $80.[12] Apple claims more than 200 new features are included in version 3.0 and cites the main enhancements as follows:[13]
- 64 bit application, able to handle huge files such as very high definition scans.
- Face detection and recognition tool, called Faces.
- Place pictures on maps using Places. It is compatible with GPS metadata and manually editable through an interactive map.
- Native Flickr and Facebook integration.
- Nondestructive, edge-aware brushes to apply adjustments to photos.
- Dozens of new built-in adjustment presets. Some photographers created custom presets available for download.[14]
- Advanced slideshows.
- Handling and editing of video and audio files.
Version history[edit]
Version number | Release date | Changes |
---|---|---|
1.0 | November 30, 2005 | Initial release. |
1.0.1 | December 21, 2005 | Fixed bugs with shadow blocking in 8-bit images, Exif export issues, and improved performance in keyword searches. |
1.1 | April 13, 2006 | A significant update that includes new features such as universal support, improved raw image quality, raw fine tuning, auto noise compensation, a new color meter, enhanced export controls and other more minor improvements and bug fixes. |
1.1.1 | May 4, 2006 | Addresses several issues related to performance, stability, color correction, and display compatibility. |
1.1.2 | June 21, 2006 | Addresses issues related to overall reliability and performance. |
1.5 | September 29, 2006 | A significant update with many new features, including Flexible Library Management (master images can be kept outside the library and offline as well), iLife '06 and iWork '06 integration, Automatic Metadata Export, Edge Sharpen and iPod photo syncing. Also now officially supports all Intel-based Macs with at least 1 GB of RAM. Price dropped from $499 to $299. |
1.5.1 | November 2, 2006 | Improves overall reliability and performance in many areas of the application, including keywords, the Loupe, cropping, previews, metadata presets, file renaming, iPhoto library importing and watermarks. |
1.5.2 | December 11, 2006 | Addresses issues related to overall reliability and performance in a number of areas, including: Contact sheet printing, Smart Albums, watermarks, lift and stamp, image export, versions created using an external editor. |
1.5.3 | April 19, 2007 | Aperture 1.5.3 addresses issues related to overall reliability and performance in a number of areas, including: Generation of thumbnails for adjusted images, entering and exiting Full Screen mode, working with large sets of keywords in the Keywords HUD, restoring from a vault. |
1.5.6 | October 26, 2007 | Aperture 1.5.6 addresses issues related to performance, improves overall stability, and supports compatibility with Mac OS X 10.5. |
2.0 | February 12, 2008 | Aperture 2.0 includes 100+ new features and addresses performance and stability. New features include a streamlined user interface and entirely new image processing engine, new imaging tools for highlight recovery, color vibrancy, local contrast definition, soft-edged retouching, vignetting and RAW fine-tuning. Reduced price to $199 in the US. |
2.0.1 | March 3, 2008 | Aperture 2.0.1 addresses issues related to the performance and overall stability of Aperture 2. |
2.1 | March 28, 2008 | Aperture 2.1 introduces editing plug-ins including a Dodge and Burn tool developed by Apple and addresses issues related to the performance and overall stability of Aperture 2. |
2.1.1 | July 28, 2008 | Aperture 2.1.1 addresses issues related to performance, improves overall stability, and supports compatibility with Apple's MobileMe (now iCloud) service. |
2.1.2 | October 20, 2008 | Aperture 2.1.2 update improves the printing quality of books, cards and calendars ordered through the Aperture printing service. |
2.1.3 | March 14, 2009 | Aperture 2.1.3 update improves overall stability and addresses minor issues in a number of areas, including the display of thumbnails on import and image rotation. |
2.1.4 | August 27, 2009 | Aperture 2.1.4 update addresses general compatibility and overall stability in the following areas: Creating books, Ordering books/prints and Slideshows |
3.0 | February 9, 2010 | Aperture now requires an Intel-based Macintosh. Version 3.0 includes 200+ new features including: faces, places, brushes, adjustment presets, full-screen browser, audio and video support, and advanced slideshows. |
3.0.1 | February 24, 2010 | Aperture 3.0.1 update improves overall stability and addresses a number of issues in Aperture 3, including: upgrading libraries from earlier versions of Aperture, importing libraries from iPhoto, importing photos directly from a camera, memory usage when processing heavily-retouched photos, face recognition processing, adding undetected faces using the Add Missing Face button, printing pages containing multiple images, editing photos using an external editor, display of images with Definition and Straighten adjustments applied, zooming photos in the Viewer and in the Loupe using keyboard shortcuts, accessing Aperture libraries on a network volume Selecting and moving pins on the Places map, adding and editing custom locations using the Manage My Places window and witching between masters when working with raw+JPEG pairs. |
3.0.2 | March 25, 2010 | Aperture 3.0.2 update improves overall stability and fixes issues in a number of areas. The key areas addressed include: upgrading Aperture 1.x and 2.x libraries, importing libraries from iPhoto or from earlier versions of Aperture, importing hierarchical folders of photos into a library, adding names and confirming matches in Faces, reordering snapshots on the Faces corkboard, creating and saving print presets, duplicating metadata presets, adjustments using Curves, Straighten and Retouching, navigation of photos in the Viewer using scrolling, importing ratings, color labels and GPS data from XMP sidecar files, IPTC metadata compatibility, deleting photos when emptying the Aperture Trash and exporting versions and libraries. |
3.0.3 | April 29, 2010 | Aperture 3.0.3 update improves overall stability and fixes issues in a number of areas. The key areas addressed include: applying adjustments such as Retouch or Chromatic Aberration, creating and using Raw Fine Tuning presets, viewing, adding and removing detected faces, switching target printers and paper sizes when printing, duplicating Smart Albums, repairing and rebuilding Aperture libraries, reconnecting referenced files, working with GPS track files in Places and searching for keywords in the Query HUD or Keyword Controls. |
3.1 | October 20, 2010 | Aperture 3.1 update greatly improves the overall stability and performance while fixing many major issues, most especially in Libraries and Adjustments, while making the application compatible with iLife '11. The key areas addressed include: displaying a progress bar when opening, switching and exporting libraries and masters, improvement in performance when opening large libraries, corrections on rendered previews and thumbnails used in Faces or while in zoom mode, importing and relinking referenced iPhoto libraries from a Mac, iPhone or iPad, improvements in face detection (especially on raw+JPEG files) and addressing 'blank' faces, corrections in search query performance, export of GPS metadata and correction of TIFF dpi setting, and performance improvements of many default adjustments (especially the Red-eye, Straighten, Crop and Presets adjustments). |
3.1.1 | December 9, 2010 | Aperture 3.1.1 update improves overall stability and performance issues, and also includes specific fixes that: Address compatibility with the iLife Media Browser, improve reliability when upgrading existing Aperture libraries, address issues with publishing photos to MobileMe, Facebook and Flickr. |
3.1.1 | January 6, 2011 | Aperture 3.1.1 was re-released in the Mac App Store, with a price drop to $79.99. |
3.1.2 | March 23, 2011 | Aperture 3.1.2 update improves overall stability and performance, including specific fixes in the following areas: Importing iPhoto libraries, Reliability and responsiveness when using brushes to apply adjustments, Reconnecting referenced master images. |
3.1.3 | July 13, 2011 | Aperture 3.1.3 update improves overall stability and performance, including specific fixes in the following areas: library rebuilding, file import issues, multitouch gestures, Faces and Places views, adjustments, web sharing, A/V, raw+JPEG pairs. Drops support for Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard.Requires Mac OS X 10.6.6 Snow Leopard.[15] |
3.2 | October 12, 2011 | Aperture 3.2 adds support for iCloud and iOS 5, and addresses stability, performance and compatibility issues.[16] |
3.2.1 | October 28, 2011 | Resolves an issue that could cause Aperture to quit unexpectedly at launch on Macs with Core Duo processors. Addresses problems that could cause the Crop tool to switch to the incorrect orientation or resize incorrectly. Resolves rendering issues when cropping images with Onscreen Proofing enabled. Location menus are now displayed correctly on the map in the Places view when “Photos” is selected in the Library Inspector. |
3.2.2 | December 8, 2011 | This update resolves an issue that could prevent auto-imported Photo Stream images from being displayed in the library after your Photo Stream hits 1,000 images. |
3.2.3 | March 13, 2012 | Aperture 3.2.3 update allows photos to be deleted from photo stream and addresses minor issues related to performance and stability. |
3.2.4 | May 24, 2012 | Improves stability on Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard. Addresses an issue that could prevent the Viewer from updating correctly after editing a photo using an external editor. |
3.3 | June 11, 2012 | New unified photo library for both iPhoto (v9.3 or later) and Aperture; no import/export required; Faces, Places, slideshows, albums and web sharing work across both applications. Support for AVCHD video has been added. Aperture now lets you use camera-generated previews for faster browsing of RAW files immediately after import. Highlights & Shadows tool has been updated to deliver higher-quality results and work with extended range data. A new Auto Enhance button has been added to the Adjustments panel. White Balance tool now includes Skin Tone and Natural Gray modes to simplify color balance. Auto button has been added to the White Balance tool for one-click color balancing. Set Desktop command has been added to Share menu so you can set a desktop background from within Aperture. A new Manual option allows you to drag and drop projects to customize sort order in the Projects view. New preference allows you to set the background brightness of the full screen browser. Facebook, Flickr, and MobileMe albums are now displayed as thumbnails in the main window when accounts are selected in the source list. Minor terminology changes, including 'Original' instead of 'Master' and 'Info' instead of 'Metadata.' Source list includes a new 'Recent' section, showing Last Import and recently viewed projects. Raw Fine Tuning is no longer displayed in the Adjustments panel by default. Faces can now be named by dragging them from the Unnamed Faces browser to existing snapshots on the corkboard. The Faces corkboard now includes a menu that allows you to set the order of face snapshots. Newly designed monochrome source list and toolbar icons. Addresses numerous issues related to overall performance and stability. Requires Mac OS X 10.7 Lion.[17] |
3.3.1 | June 28, 2012 | Fixes an issue that in rare cases could cause Aperture to hang or quit unexpectedly when upgrading libraries.[18] |
3.3.2 | July 25, 2012 | Supports compatibility with OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion Addresses issues that could affect performance when entering and exiting Full Screen mode Best free online pc games no download. Auto White Balance can now correct color using Skin Tone mode, even when Faces is disabled Projects and albums in the Library Inspector can now be sorted by date in addition to name and kind Includes performance and stability improvement.[19] |
3.4 | September 19, 2012 | Adds support for Shared Photo Streams on OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion A new File menu can be used to open the current library in iPhoto Includes performance and stability improvement.[20] |
3.4.1 | September 28, 2012 | Addresses an installer issue that could cause the application to quit unexpectedly on launch Improves the reliability of syncing photos to iOS devices via iTunes Resolves an issue with downloading and viewing photos synced from Facebook albums Addresses other stability issues[21] |
3.4.2 | November 1, 2012 | Photos received via My Photo Stream or shared streams can now be added directly to other shared streams Multiple email addresses can now be copied and pasted in the 'Shared with' field for shared streams When more than five subscribers 'Like' a photo in a shared stream, all their names are now displayed correctly The Info panel for a shared stream now includes an Unsubscribe button The status line in the toolstrip now displays the number of new photos added to a shared stream Faces are now properly detected on photos imported into a library from a shared stream Adjusted photos added to shared streams are now published with EXIF metadata properly preserved Addresses the reliability of Shared Photo Streams when switching between iPhoto and Aperture with the same library Custom keyboard shortcuts are now properly preserved when upgrading from earlier versions of Aperture Double-clicking a photo in Viewer-Only mode now correctly toggles to the Browser view Addresses a problem that could prevent the Viewer from displaying images with correct color after Auto White Balance and Auto Enhance are applied Addresses an issue that could cause JPEGs exported with a custom ICC profile to render incorrectly A dialog now displays progress when deleting large numbers of photos using the Empty Aperture Trash command Fixes a problem that could cause duplicate detection on import to fail when the 'Auto-Split Projects' option is enabled RAW files are no longer displayed in the Import window when the 'JPEG files only' option is enabled Key photos made from panoramic images are now displayed at high resolution Addresses a problem that could cause the Info panel in the Inspector to display the wrong metadata view Fixes an issue that could prevent Microsoft Outlook from being used to email photos from within Aperture Improves stability when working with AVCHD video files Fixes a problem with using the Zoom navigator on a second display Addresses issues that could cause web journals to export incorrectly Includes stability improvements[22] |
3.4.3 | November 15, 2012 | Addresses an issue that could cause a licensed copy of Aperture to prompt for a serial number every time you open it. Addresses an installer issue that could cause the Mac App Store version of Aperture 3.4.2 to quit unexpectedly when you open it.[23] |
3.4.4 | April 16, 2013 | Shared Photo Stream invitation lists now scroll correctly. Fixes an issue that could cause multiple warning dialogs to appear when syncing web albums after waking from sleep.Changes made to the Aperture library are now more reliably reflected in the iLife Media Browser.Two fingered scroll now works in the To field of the Shared Photo Stream dialog.Addresses an issue with library upgrades that could cause Aperture to incorrectly display a dialog stating 'To open this iPhoto library in Aperture, it first needs to be upgraded.'Resolves an issue that could prevent images captured from a tethered camera to a user’s Pictures folder from being written to disk on computers with Mac OS X Lion 10.7.5.Nikon P7700 RAW images are now displayed correctly in the Import window.The eyedropper for the Color tool now works correctly when you select either the Crop or Straighten tool in the Toolbar.Thumbnails with version names longer than 250 characters are now displayed correctly. This update also addresses stability issues that could cause Aperture to quit unexpectedly in the following cases: Moving photos from one project to anotherUploading photos to Photo StreamAttempting to access a vaultConnecting a second display to a computer while in Sleep mode, and then waking it from sleep This update also addresses stability issues that could cause Aperture to become unresponsive in the following cases: After canceling a print jobWhen adjusting white balance[24] |
3.4.5 | June 5, 2013 | Addresses an issue that could cause Aperture to quit unexpectedly when deleting items from a camera or memory card after import. Memory cards are now ejected correctly when using the Delete Items option after import. Includes stability improvements[25] |
3.5 | October 22, 2013 | Adds support for iCloud Photo Sharing, including the ability to post videos to shared photo streams and to have multiple subscribers contribute to a shared stream The Places feature now uses Apple maps to display photo locations New integration with SmugMug, with support for publishing and syncing galleries directly to a SmugMug account Adds support for iOS 7 camera filters applied to photos imported from iOS devices Support of MacBook Retina display[26] Requires OS X 10.9 Mavericks. |
3.5.1 | November 14, 2013 | White Balance now works as expected when using the Temperature & Tint eyedropper tool Cummins calterm keygen 10. Fixes an issue that could cause the rectangles indicating detected faces to appear incorrectly When a metadata field is selected, the cursor now remains active in that field when using the Command and arrow keys to move between photos Includes stability improvements[27] |
3.6 | October 16, 2014 | Stability improvements and compatibility with OS X 10.10 Yosemite |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Heid, Jim (December 26, 2005). 'Macworld Aperture 1.0.1 Review'. Macworld. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
- ^'Aperture in the Mac App Store'. Apple App Store. Apple Inc. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
- ^'Apple Aperture 3 Review and User Guide by Ken Rockwell'. kenrockwell.com. November 12, 2011. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
- ^'Apple Aperture 3 review'. TechRadar. Future US. March 27, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
- ^'Aperture 3: The Ars Review'. Ars Technica. Condé Nast. March 18, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
- ^'Lightroom vs Aperture – all the Features Compared'. technologyformedia.wordpress.com. Self-published. February 13, 2013. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
- ^Fingas, Roger (April 10, 2015). 'Aperture, iPhoto disappear from Mac App Store following Photos debut'. AppleInsider.
- ^'Aperture 3: Tips on tethered shooting'. apple.com. Apple Inc. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
- ^Juskalian, Russ (March 12, 2008). 'Macworld Aperture 2 Review'. Macworld. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
- ^'Aperture - Resources - Plug-ins'. Apple.com. Apple Inc. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
- ^'Apple Press Statement'. Prnewswire.com. California. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
- ^'Apple's Mac App Store: Hands On'. PC Magazine. Ziff Davis. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
- ^'Apple's feature list'. Apple.com. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
- ^'Custom Aperture presets for download'. Aperturepresets.tumblr.com. January 23, 2011. Archived from the original on February 10, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
- ^'Aperture 3.1.3'. Apple, Inc. July 13, 2011. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
- ^'Aperture 3.2: Release notes'. Apple, Inc. October 12, 2011. Retrieved October 14, 2011.
- ^'Aperture 3.3: Release notes'. Apple, Inc. June 11, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
- ^'Aperture 3.3.1: Release notes'. Apple, Inc. June 28, 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2012.
- ^'Aperture 3.3.2'. Apple, Inc. July 25, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
- ^'Aperture 3.4'. Apple, Inc. September 19, 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2012.
- ^'Aperture 3.4.1'. Apple, Inc. September 28, 2012. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
- ^'Aperture 3.4.2'. Apple, Inc. November 1, 2012. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
- ^'Aperture 3.4.3'. Apple, Inc. November 15, 2012. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
- ^'Aperture 3.4.4'. Apple, Inc. June 13, 2013. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
- ^'Aperture 3.4.5'. Apple, Inc. June 13, 2013. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
- ^'Aperture 3.5'. Apple, Inc. October 22, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2013.
- ^'Aperture 3.5.1'. Apple, Inc. November 14, 2013. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
External links[edit]
- 'Archived copy of the official website'. Archived from the original on April 7, 2015. Retrieved November 1, 2005.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
- Photo-Folio.net Aperture 3 Finally Usable: Aperture 3.0.2 Update.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aperture_(software)&oldid=915252163'
Different apertures of a lens
Aperture mechanism of Canon 50mm f/1.8 II lens, with five blades
Definitions of Aperture in the 1707 Glossographia Anglicana Nova[1]
In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels. More specifically, the aperture and focal length of an optical system determine the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in the image plane.
An optical system typically has many openings or structures that limit the ray bundles (ray bundles are also known as pencils of light). These structures may be the edge of a lens or mirror, or a ring or other fixture that holds an optical element in place, or may be a special element such as a diaphragm placed in the optical path to limit the light admitted by the system. In general, these structures are called stops,[2] and the aperture stop is the stop that primarily determines the ray cone angle and brightness at the image point.
In some contexts, especially in photography and astronomy, aperture refers to the diameter of the aperture stop rather than the physical stop or the opening itself. For example, in a telescope, the aperture stop is typically the edges of the objective lens or mirror (or of the mount that holds it). One then speaks of a telescope as having, for example, a 100-centimeter aperture. Note that the aperture stop is not necessarily the smallest stop in the system. Magnification and demagnification by lenses and other elements can cause a relatively large stop to be the aperture stop for the system. In astrophotography, the aperture may be given as a linear measure (for example in inches or mm) or as the dimensionless ratio between that measure and the focal length. In other photography, it is usually given as a ratio.
Sometimes stops and diaphragms are called apertures, even when they are not the aperture stop of the system.
The word aperture is also used in other contexts to indicate a system which blocks off light outside a certain region. In astronomy, for example, a photometric aperture around a star usually corresponds to a circular window around the image of a star within which the light intensity is assumed.[3]
- 2In photography
Application[edit]
The aperture stop is an important element in most optical designs. Its most obvious feature is that it limits the amount of light that can reach the image/film plane. This can be either unavoidable, as in a telescope where one wants to collect as much light as possible; or deliberate, to prevent saturation of a detector or overexposure of film. In both cases, the size of the aperture stop is constrained by things other than the amount of light admitted; however:
- The size of the stop is one factor that affects depth of field. Smaller stops (larger f numbers) produce a longer depth of field, allowing objects at a wide range of distances to all be in focus at the same time.
- The stop limits the effect of optical aberrations. If the stop is too large, the image will be distorted. More sophisticated optical system designs can mitigate the effect of aberrations, allowing a larger stop and therefore greater light collecting ability.
- The stop determines whether the image will be vignetted. Larger stops can cause the intensity reaching the film or detector to fall off toward the edges of the picture, especially when, for off-axis points, a different stop becomes the aperture stop by virtue of cutting off more light than did the stop that was the aperture stop on the optic axis.
- A larger aperture stop requires larger diameter optics, which are heavier and more expensive.
In addition to an aperture stop, a photographic lens may have one or more field stops, which limit the system's field of view. When the field of view is limited by a field stop in the lens (rather than at the film or sensor) vignetting results; this is only a problem if the resulting field of view is less than was desired.
The biological pupil of the eye is its aperture in optics nomenclature; the iris is the diaphragm that serves as the aperture stop. Refraction in the cornea causes the effective aperture (the entrance pupil in optics parlance) to differ slightly from the physical pupil diameter. The entrance pupil is typically about 4 mm in diameter, although it can range from 2 mm (f/8.3) in a brightly lit place to 8 mm (f/2.1) in the dark.
In astronomy, the diameter of the aperture stop (called the aperture) is a critical parameter in the design of a telescope. Generally, one would want the aperture to be as large as possible, to collect the maximum amount of light from the distant objects being imaged. The size of the aperture is limited, however, in practice by considerations of cost and weight, as well as prevention of aberrations (as mentioned above).
Apertures are also used in laser energy control, close aperture z-scan technique, diffractions/patterns, and beam cleaning.[4] Laser applications include spatial filters, Q-switching, high intensity x-ray control.
In light microscopy, the word aperture may be used with reference to either the condenser (changes angle of light onto specimen field), field iris (changes area of illumination) or possibly objective lens (forms primary image). SeeOptical microscope.
In photography[edit]
The aperture stop of a photographic lens can be adjusted to control the amount of light reaching the film or image sensor. In combination with variation of shutter speed, the aperture size will regulate the film's or image sensor's degree of exposure to light. Typically, a fast shutter will require a larger aperture to ensure sufficient light exposure, and a slow shutter will require a smaller aperture to avoid excessive exposure.
Diagram of decreasing aperture sizes (increasing f-numbers) for 'full stop' increments (factor of two aperture area per stop)
A device called a diaphragm usually serves as the aperture stop, and controls the aperture. The diaphragm functions much like the iris of the eye – it controls the effective diameter of the lens opening. Reducing the aperture size increases the depth of field, which describes the extent to which subject matter lying closer than or farther from the actual plane of focus appears to be in focus. In general, the smaller the aperture (the larger the f-number), the greater the distance from the plane of focus the subject matter may be while still appearing in focus.
The lens aperture is usually specified as an f-number, the ratio of focal length to effective aperture diameter. A lens typically has a set of marked 'f-stops' that the f-number can be set to. A lower f-number denotes a greater aperture opening which allows more light to reach the film or image sensor. The photography term 'one f-stop' refers to a factor of √2 (approx. 1.41) change in f-number, which in turn corresponds to a factor of 2 change in light intensity.
Aperture priority is a semi-automatic shooting mode used in cameras. It permits the photographer to select an aperture setting and let the camera decide the shutter speed and sometimes also ISO sensitivity for the correct exposure. This is also referred to as Aperture Priority Auto Exposure, A mode, AV mode (aperture-value mode), or semi-auto mode.[5]
Typical ranges of apertures used in photography are about f/2.8–f/22 or f/2–f/16,[6] covering six stops, which may be divided into wide, middle, and narrow of two stops each, roughly (using round numbers) f/2–f/4, f/4–f/8, and f/8–f/16 or (for a slower lens) f/2.8–f/5.6, f/5.6–f/11, and f/11–f/22. These are not sharp divisions, and ranges for specific lenses vary.
Maximum and minimum apertures[edit]
The specifications for a given lens typically include the maximum and minimum aperture sizes, for example, f/1.4–f/22. In this case, f/1.4 is the maximum aperture (the widest opening), and f/22 is the minimum aperture (the smallest opening). The maximum aperture opening tends to be of most interest and is always included when describing a lens. This value is also known as the lens 'speed', as it affects the exposure time. The aperture is proportional to the square root of the light admitted, and thus inversely proportional to the square root of required exposure time, such that an aperture of f/2 allows for exposure times one quarter that of f/4.
The aperture range of a 50mm Minolta lens, f/1.4–f/16
Lenses with apertures opening f/2.8 or wider are referred to as 'fast' lenses, although the specific point has changed over time (for example, in the early 20th century aperture openings wider than f/6 were considered fast[citation needed]). The fastest lenses for the common 35 mm film format in general production have apertures of f/1.2 or f/1.4, with more at f/1.8 and f/2.0, and many at f/2.8 or slower; f/1.0 is unusual, though sees some use. When comparing 'fast' lenses, the image format used must be considered. Lenses designed for a small format such as half frame or APS-C need to project a much smaller image circle than a lens used for large format photography. Thus the optical elements built into the lens can be far smaller and cheaper.
In exceptional circumstances lenses can have even wider apertures with f-numbers smaller than 1.0; see lens speed: fast lenses for a detailed list. For instance, both the current Leica Noctilux-M 50mm ASPH and a 1960s-era Canon 50mm rangefinder lens have a maximum aperture of f/0.95.[7] Cheaper alternatives have appeared in recent years, such as the Cosina Voigtländer 17.5mm f/0.95, 25mm f/0.95 and 42.5mm f/0.95 manual focus lenses for the Micro Four-Thirds System.[8][9][10]
Professional lenses for some movie cameras have f-numbers as small as f/0.75. Stanley Kubrick's film Barry Lyndon has scenes shot by candlelight with a NASA/Zeiss 50mm f/0.7,[11] the fastest lens in film history. Beyond the expense, these lenses have limited application due to the correspondingly shallower depth of field – the scene must either be shallow, shot from a distance, or will be significantly defocused, though this may be the desired effect.
Battleship video game pc download. Zoom lenses typically have a maximum relative aperture (minimum f-number) of f/2.8 to f/6.3 through their range. High-end lenses will have a constant aperture, such as f/2.8 or f/4, which means that the relative aperture will stay the same throughout the zoom range. A more typical consumer zoom will have a variable maximum relative aperture since it is harder and more expensive to keep the maximum relative aperture proportional to the focal length at long focal lengths; f/3.5 to f/5.6 is an example of a common variable aperture range in a consumer zoom lens.
By contrast, the minimum aperture does not depend on the focal length – it is limited by how narrowly the aperture closes, not the lens design – and is instead generally chosen based on practicality: very small apertures have lower sharpness due to diffraction, while the added depth of field is not generally useful, and thus there is generally little benefit in using such apertures. Accordingly, DSLR lens typically have minimum aperture of f/16, f/22, or f/32, while large format may go down to f/64, as reflected in the name of Group f/64. Depth of field is a significant concern in macro photography, however, and there one sees smaller apertures. For example, the Canon MP-E 65mm can have effective aperture (due to magnification) as small as f/96. The pinhole optic for Lensbaby creative lenses has an aperture of just f/177.[12]
- f/32 – small aperture and slow shutter
- f/5.6 – large aperture and fast shutter
- f/22 – small aperture and slower shutter (Exposure time: 1/80)
- f/3.5 – large aperture and faster shutter (Exposure time: 1/2500)
- Changing a camera's aperture value in half-stops, beginning with f/256 and ending with f/1
- Changing a camera's aperture diameter from zero to infinity
Aperture area[edit]
The amount of light captured by a lens is proportional to the area of the aperture, equal to:
Where the two equivalent forms are related via the f-numberN = f / D, with focal lengthf and aperture diameter D.
![Aperture for mac high sierra Aperture for mac high sierra](/uploads/1/2/6/3/126389248/260725923.jpg)
The focal length value is not required when comparing two lenses of the same focal length; a value of 1 can be used instead, and the other factors can be dropped as well, leaving area proportion to the reciprocal square of the f-number N.
If two cameras of different format sizes and focal lengths have the same angle of view, and the same aperture area, they gather the same amount of light from the scene. In that case, the relative focal-plane illuminance, however, would depend only on the f-number N, so it is less in the camera with the larger format, longer focal length, and higher f-number. This assumes both lenses have identical transmissivity.
Aperture control[edit]
Though as early as 1933 Torkel Korling had invented and patented for the Graflex large format reflex camera an automatic aperture control,[13] not all early 35mm single lens reflex cameras had the feature. With a small aperture, this darkened the viewfinder, making viewing, focusing, and composition difficult.[14] Korling's design enabled full-aperture viewing for accurate focus, closing to the pre-selected aperture opening when the shutter was fired and simultaneously synchronising the firing of a flash unit. From 1956 SLR camera manufacturers separately developed automatic aperture control (the Miranda T 'Pressure Automatic Diaphragm', and other solutions on the Exakta Varex IIa and Praktica FX2) allowing viewing at the lens's maximum aperture, stopping the lens down to the working aperture at the moment of exposure, and returning the lens to maximum aperture afterward.[15] The first SLR cameras with internal ('through-the-lens' or 'TTL') meters (e.g., the Pentax Spotmatic) required that the lens be stopped down to the working aperture when taking a meter reading. Subsequent models soon incorporated mechanical coupling between the lens and the camera body, indicating the working aperture to the camera for exposure while allowing the lens to be at its maximum aperture for composition and focusing;[15] this feature became known as open-aperture metering.
For some lenses, including a few long telephotos, lenses mounted on bellows, and perspective-control and tilt/shift lenses, the mechanical linkage was impractical,[15] and automatic aperture control was not provided. Many such lenses incorporated a feature known as a 'preset' aperture,[15][16] which allows the lens to be set to working aperture and then quickly switched between working aperture and full aperture without looking at the aperture control. A typical operation might be to establish rough composition, set the working aperture for metering, return to full aperture for a final check of focus and composition, and focusing, and finally, return to working aperture just before exposure. Although slightly easier than stopped-down metering, operation is less convenient than automatic operation. Preset aperture controls have taken several forms; the most common has been the use of essentially two lens aperture rings, with one ring setting the aperture and the other serving as a limit stop when switching to working aperture. Examples of lenses with this type of preset aperture control are the Nikon PC Nikkor 28 mm f/3.5 and the SMC Pentax Shift 6×7 75 mm f/4.5. The Nikon PC Micro-Nikkor 85 mm f/2.8D lens incorporates a mechanical pushbutton that sets working aperture when pressed and restores full aperture when pressed a second time.
Canon EF lenses, introduced in 1987,[17] have electromagnetic diaphragms,[18] eliminating the need for a mechanical linkage between the camera and the lens, and allowing automatic aperture control with the Canon TS-E tilt/shift lenses. Nikon PC-E perspective-control lenses,[19] introduced in 2008, also have electromagnetic diaphragms,[20] a feature extended to their E-type range in 2013.
Optimal aperture[edit]
Optimal aperture depends both on optics (the depth of the scene versus diffraction), and on the performance of the lens.
Optically, as a lens is stopped down, the defocus blur at the Depth of Field (DOF) limits decreases but diffraction blur increases. The presence of these two opposing factors implies a point at which the combined blur spot is minimized (Gibson 1975, 64); at that point, the f-number is optimal for image sharpness, for this given depth of field[21] – a wider aperture (lower f-number) causes more defocus, while a narrower aperture (higher f-number) causes more diffraction.
As a matter of performance, lenses often do not perform optimally when fully opened, and thus generally have better sharpness when stopped down some – note that this is sharpness in the plane of critical focus, setting aside issues of depth of field. Beyond a certain point, there is no further sharpness benefit to stopping down, and the diffraction begins to become significant. There is accordingly a sweet spot, generally in the f/4 – f/8 range, depending on lens, where sharpness is optimal, though some lenses are designed to perform optimally when wide open. How significant this varies between lenses, and opinions differ on how much practical impact this has.
While optimal aperture can be determined mechanically, how much sharpness is required depends on how the image will be used – if the final image is viewed under normal conditions (e.g., an 8″×10″ image viewed at 10″), it may suffice to determine the f-number using criteria for minimum required sharpness, and there may be no practical benefit from further reducing the size of the blur spot. But this may not be true if the final image is viewed under more demanding conditions, e.g., a very large final image viewed at normal distance, or a portion of an image enlarged to normal size (Hansma 1996). Hansma also suggests that the final-image size may not be known when a photograph is taken, and obtaining the maximum practicable sharpness allows the decision to make a large final image to be made at a later time; see also critical sharpness.
Equivalent aperture range[edit]
In digital photography, the 35mm-equivalent aperture range is sometimes considered to be more important than the actual f-number. Equivalent aperture is the f-number adjusted to correspond to the f-number of the same size absolute aperture diameter on a lens with a 35mm equivalent focal length. Smaller equivalent f-numbers are expected to lead to higher image quality based on more total light from the subject, as well as lead to reduced depth of field. For example, a Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX10 uses a 1' sensor, 24–200 mm with maximum aperture constant along the zoom range; f/2.8 has equivalent aperture range f/7.6, which is a lower equivalent f-number than some other f/2.8 cameras with smaller sensors.[22]
In scanning or sampling[edit]
The terms scanning aperture and sampling aperture are often used to refer to the opening through which an image is sampled, or scanned, for example in a Drum scanner, an image sensor, or a television pickup apparatus. The sampling aperture can be a literal optical aperture, that is, a small opening in space, or it can be a time-domain aperture for sampling a signal waveform.
For example, film grain is quantified as graininess via a measurement of film density fluctuations as seen through a 0.048 mm sampling aperture.
See also[edit]
Aperture For Macro Photography
References[edit]
- ^Thomas Blount, Glossographia Anglicana Nova: Or, A Dictionary, Interpreting Such Hard Words of whatever Language, as are at present used in the English Tongue, with their Etymologies, Definitions, &c. Also, The Terms of Divinity, Law, Physick, Mathematics, History, Agriculture, Logick, Metaphysicks, Grammar, Poetry, Musick, Heraldry, Architecture, Painting, War, and all other Arts and Sciences are herein explain'd, from the best Modern Authors, as, Sir Isaac Newton, Dr. Harris, Dr. Gregory, Mr. Lock, Mr. Evelyn, Mr. Dryden, Mr. Blunt, &c., London, 1707.
- ^'Exposure Stops in Photography - A Beginner's Guide'. Photography Life. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
- ^Nicholas Eaton, Peter W. Draper & Alasdair Allan, Techniques of aperture photometryArchived 11 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine in PHOTOM – A Photometry Package, 20 August 2002
- ^Rashidian Vaziri, M R. 'Role of the aperture in Z-scan experiments: A parametric study'. Chinese Physics B. 24 (11). Bibcode:2015ChPhB.24k4206R. doi:10.1088/1674-1056/24/11/114206.
- ^'Aperture and shutter speed in digital cameras'. elite-cameras.com. Archived from the original on 20 June 2006. Retrieved 20 June 2006. (original link no longer works, but page was saved by archive.org)
- ^What is.. Aperture?
- ^Mahoney, John. 'Leica's $11,000 Noctilux 50mm f/0.95 Lens Is a Nightvision Owl Eye For Your Camera'. gizmodo.com. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
- ^'Voigtlander Nokton 17.5mm f/0.95 Lens for Micro Four BA175M B&H'. www.bhphotovideo.com. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
- ^'Voigtlander BA259M2 Replacement for Voigtlander BA259M – B&H'. www.bhphotovideo.com. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
- ^'Voigtlander Nokton 42.5mm f/0.95 Micro Four-Thirds Lens BA425M'. www.bhphotovideo.com. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
- ^Ed DiGiulio (President, Cinema Products Corporation). 'Two Special Lenses for Barry Lyndon'
- ^'Pinhole and Zone Plate Photography for SLR Cameras'. Lensbaby Pinhole optic. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011.
- ^US patent 2,029,238 Camera Mechanism, Application June 4, 1933
- ^Shipman, Carl (1977). SLR Photographers Handbook. Tucson, AZ: HP Books. p. 53. ISBN0-912656-59-X.
- ^ abcdSidney F. Ray. The geometry of image formation. In The Manual of Photography: Photographic and Digital Imaging, 9th ed, pp. 136–137. Ed. Ralph E. Jacobson, Sidney F. Ray, Geoffrey G. Atteridge, and Norman R. Axford. Oxford: Focal Press, 2000. ISBN0-240-51574-9
- ^B. 'Moose' Peterson. Nikon System Handbook. New York: Images Press, 1997, pp. 42–43. ISBN0-929667-03-4
- ^Canon Camera Museum. Accessed 12 December 2008.
- ^EF Lens Work III: The Eyes of EOS. Tokyo: Canon Inc., 2003, pp. 190–191.
- ^Nikon USA web siteArchived 12 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 12 December 2008.
- ^Nikon PC-E product comparison brochureArchived 17 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine (PDF). Accessed 12 December 2008.
- ^'Diffraction and Optimum Aperture – Format size and diffraction limitations on sharpness'. www.bobatkins.com. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
- ^R Butler. 'Sony Cyber-shot DSC RX10 First Impressions Review'. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- Gibson, H. Lou. 1975. Close-Up Photography and Photomacrography. 2nd combined ed. Kodak Publication No. N-16. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Company, Vol II: Photomacrography. ISBN0-87985-160-0
- Hansma, Paul K. 1996. View Camera Focusing in Practice. Photo Techniques, March/April 1996, 54–57. Available as GIF images on the Large Format page.
Aperture For Mac
External links[edit]
Aperture For Mac Free
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